Differences Between The Types Of Diabetes Discussion
Differences Between The Types Of Diabetes Discussion
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus consist of a group of heterogeneous disorders characterized by a derangement in metabolism of carbohydrates caused by defective insulin secretion or action. The various types of diabetes include Differences Between The Types Of Diabetes Discussion;
Type 1 diabetes
It is also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and is one of the most commonly found chronic diseases in childhood that is brought about by insulin deficiency due destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas which produce insulin according to the American Diabetes Association (Lucier & Weinstock, 2022). Some of the factors associated with the disorder include; genetic susceptibility, autoimmunity and environmental causes that include; viruses.
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Type 2 diabetes
Also referred to as insulin independent diabetes mellitus and is described by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and relative impairment of insulin secretion (Goyal & Ishwarlal Jialal, 2021). Some of the factors related to an increased risk of for onset of type 2 diabetes include; genetic susceptibility, obesity, conditions with insulin resistance such as PCOS and Cushing syndrome.
Gestational diabetes
Described as any degree of glucose intolerance with first identification or onset during pregnancy which mostly occurs in the second or third trimester. It can either be classified as diet-controlled gestational diabetes (A1GDM) which is diabetes in pregnancy managed without medications and is responsive to nutritional therapy whereas A2GDM has to be managed with medications to achieve good glycemic control. The etiology of gestational diabetes is related to; remarkable insulin resistance secondary to placental hormonal release.
Risk factors associated with GDM include; obesity, hypertension, familial history of diabetes, previous delivery of a macrosomic, malformed baby or IUFD. According to Quintanilla & Heba Mahdy, (2022), women with GDM have an increased likelihood of developing overt diabetes within 20 years of delivery Differences Between The Types Of Diabetes Discussion.
Juvenile diabetes
It is now known as type 1 diabetes mellitus with the realization that it can occur at any age.
Treatment of gestational diabetes
The American College of Gynecologist recommends non-pharmacological measures such as exercise, dietary modification and glucose monitoring in the initial management of gestational diabetes. Insulin therapy is recommended when the standard dietary measures do not consistently maintain an FBS of <5.8mmol/l or RBS <6.7mmol/l. oral hypoglycemic drugs such as metformin and glyburide are increasingly being used in GDM.
Insulin dosage is calculated using the patient’s weight formula of 0.2IU/kg/day. In the 1st trimester, the total insulin required daily is 0.7IU.kg/day, in the 2nd trimester it is 0.8IU/kg/day and in the 3rd it is 0.9-1.0IU/kg/day. Regular or rapid-acting insulin is often divided into two; one half is administered as basal insulin at bedtime whereas the other half is divided between three meals (Quintanilla & Heba Mahdy, 2022). Side effects associated with insulin administration include; hypoglycemia, lipodystrophy, lipohypertrophy and allergic reaction at the injection site. There is no dietary restriction when using insulin; however, patients are encouraged to take up good dietary habits to achieve good glycemic control.
Impact of gestational diabetes
Complications of GDM are classified as either maternal or fetal. They include;
Maternal
- Pre-eclampsia
- Overt diabetes
- Increased likelihood of cesarean section delivery
- Hypertension
- Retinopathy
- Nephropathy
- Neuropathy
- Coronary artery disease.
Fetal
- Congenital anomalies
- Macrosomia
- Increased perinatal mortality
- Hyperbilirubinemia
- Shoulder dystocia
- Neonatal hypoglycemia
- Hypocalcemia
- Preterm delivery
Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Chapter 48, “Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus†(pp. 397–415)
Chapter 49, “Drugs for Thyroid Disorders†(pp. 416–424)
American Diabetes Association. (2018). Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of medical care in diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care, 41(Supplement 1), S73–S85. Retrieved from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/supplement_1/s73.full-text.pdf Differences Between The Types Of Diabetes Discussion
This article provides guidance on pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment as it pertains to treating patients with diabetes. Reflect on the content of this article as you continue to examine potential drug treatments for patients with diabetes.Pharmacology – DRUGS FOR DIABETES (MADE EASY
Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Chapter 48, “Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus†(pp. 397–415)
Chapter 49, “Drugs for Thyroid Disorders†(pp. 416–424)
American Diabetes Association. (2018). Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of medical care in diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care, 41(Supplement 1), S73–S85. Retrieved from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/supplement_1/s73.full-text.pdf
This article provides guidance on pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment as it pertains to treating patients with diabetes. Reflect on the content of this article as you continue to examine potential drug treatments for patients with diabetes.
References
Goyal, R., & Ishwarlal Jialal. (2021, September 28). Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513253/
Lucier, J., & Weinstock, R. S. (2022, May 11). Diabetes Mellitus Type 1. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507713/
Quintanilla, B. S., & Heba Mahdy. (2022, February 26). Gestational Diabetes. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545196/ Differences Between The Types Of Diabetes Discussion