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Type 1 Diabetes in Children And Adolescents Essay Discussion

Type 1 Diabetes in Children And Adolescents Essay Discussion

Diabetes and Drug Treatment’s

Type 1 diabetes mellitus:  also known as insulin-dependent diabetes. It is mainly characterized by destroying beta cells in the pancreas secondary to autoimmune processes, infections, genetic factors, and others (Lucier & Weinstock, 2022). This leads to low levels or absolute deficiency of insulin. It is among the most common chronic diseases in children; however, it can start at any age v.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus: is also known as insulin-independent diabetes and accounts for approximately 90% of diabetic cases (Goyal & Jialal, 2019). There is reduced response to insulin in the peripheral tissues and beta-cell dysfunction. It is frequently seen in people >45 years. Still, it is increasingly becoming prevalent in adolescents, younger adults and, children due to the rising cases of obesity, energy-dense diets, and physical inactivity.

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Juvenile diabetes: is now known as type 1diabetes with the evidence that the disease can occur at any age (Chiang et al., 2018).

Gestational diabetes: according to Quintanilla & Heba Mahdy (2022), hyperglycemia is first detected during pregnancy and mainly occurs during the second and third trimesters.

Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

As mentioned earlier, type 1 diabetes mellitus is insulin-dependent, so insulin is the mainstay of therapy. Mixtard is a combination of short-acting and intermediate-acting types. It helps control glucose levels by enhancing peripheral uptake of glucose by fat and skeletal muscles, hindering gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and proteolysis, and stimulating protein synthesis and is administered 15 minutes before a meal or immediately after a meal (Lucier & Weinstock, 2022). The daily requirement of insulin is 0.5IU-1IU per day. Therefore two-third of the daily requirement is administered in the morning while a third is given in the evening. Mixtard is administered subcutaneously and stored at an ambient room temperature (<30 degrees Celsius) and away from light and heat.

Some side effects associated with mixtard injection; are allergic reaction at the injection site, lipodystrophy, lipohypertrophy, hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, rashes, weight gain, and itching. There is no dietary restriction when taking insulin; however, patients are encouraged to take proper nutritional habits to achieve reasonable glycemic control.

Short-Term Impact of type 1 diabetes

  • Hypoglycemia is a deadly condition common in people using insulin for blood sugar control. It is also associated with instances of insulin overdose or skipping a meal.
  • Diabetes ketoacidosis: A life-threatening, acute complication of diabetes characterized by ketoacidosis, hyperglycemia, and ketonuria (DiMeglio et al., 2018). It is caused by relative or absolute insulin deficiency, which inhibits glucose uptake in the cells resulting in the breakdown of fat into ketones as an alternative fuel source Type 1 Diabetes in Children And Adolescents Essay Discussion .

Long-term Impact of type 1 diabetes

  • Neuropathy: hyperglycemia damages the nerves, thus affecting sensation, movement control, and other functions.
  • Nephropathy is a major cause of end-stage renal disease as it damages the filtration of the glomerulus’s basement membrane.
  • Retinopathy: leads to damage of blood vessels of the retina, causing blindness. It is also associated with the development of glaucoma and cataracts, affecting vision.
  • Diabetic foot disease: as a result of nerve damage and vascular compromise caused by hyperglycemia.

References

Chiang, J. L., Maahs, D. M., Garvey, K. C., Hood, K. K., Laffel, L. M., Weinzimer, S. A., Wolfsdorf, J. I., & Schatz, D. (2018). Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 41(9), 2026–2044. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci18-0023

DiMeglio, L. A., Evans-Molina, C., & Oram, R. A. (2018). Type 1 diabetes. The Lancet, 391(10138), 2449–2462. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31320-5

Goyal, R., & Jialal, I. (2019, February 24). Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. NCBI; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513253/

Lucier, J., & Weinstock, R. S. (2022, May 11). Diabetes Mellitus Type 1. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507713/

‌ Quintanilla, B. S., & Heba Mahdy. (2022, February 26). Gestational Diabetes. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545196/ Type 1 Diabetes in Children And Adolescents Essay Discussion