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Health Issue Presentation: Healthy Communities Essay

Health Issue Presentation: Healthy Communities Essay

  • The health issue of interest for my project is having healthy communities free from disease and infirmity (Upvall & Luzincourt, 2019).
  • To have healthy communities, a number of factors including economic principles and indicators must be taken into consideration. This is because they impact the healthcare issue that is healthy communities.
  • Poverty index and household incomes form a case in point. Because poor communities are affected by the poor socio-economic status negatively, they cannot afford healthcare and so remain unhealthy.
  • Access to quality healthcare is a major social determinant of health (Powell, 2016). Inability to access quality healthcare means communities that are poor will not be healthy Health Issue Presentation: Healthy Communities Essay.
  • The other indicator that impacts the chosen healthcare issue of interest is the issue of healthcare disparities. An example is obesity that disproportionately affects low socioeconomic status or poor teenagers and adults because they can only afford cheap junk food and sugary sweetened beverages. There is also disparity in educational achievement that is another important social determinant of health. Illiteracy aids in poor health as the person will not understand the importance of preventive measures (Baciu et al., 2017; Romieu et al., 2017; Wyszyńska et al., 2020; Zajacova & Lawrence, 2018). A healthy community is therefore that one that is educated.
  • It is important to note that these disparities affect minority communities such as African Americans and Hispanics more.
  • Lastly, the signing into law of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 2010 (ACA 2010) was an indictor that has had tremendous impact on the presence of healthy communities. This is because it brought into the healthcare coverage bracket a further 22 million poor Americans that would have otherwise not afforded healthcare coverage (Kominski et al., 2017).

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  • The issue of healthy communities operates in a larger context.
  • For instance, it is influenced by the healthcare policies of the current administration. That is how Obamacare or the ACA 2010 came into force.
  • Socioeconomic factors such as household incomes and educational achievement also have a role in shaping the healthcare issue of healthy communities.
  • Healthier communities must live in sanitary conditions and be able to afford and access quality healthcare services.
  • Predominantly poor communities such as the minority marginalized Black and Hispanic populations will not be able to reach the above mentioned goals.
  • The major healthcare organizations impacted by the matter of healthy communities without mentioning specific names (because they are very many) are hospitals, community health centers in rural areas, and various Accountable Care Organizations or ACOs.
  • These organizations are currently acting according to the provisions of the ACA 2010 with regard to accessibility, quality, and cost. For instance, they are practicing pay for performance. This means that they are delivering only quality services regardless of the socioeconomic status of the patient as that is what will be reimbursed as per the ACA 2010 (Holmström, 2017).
  • They are reacting by responding to advocacy calls for better treatment of the disadvantaged in the society. This includes embracing technology to prevent care fragmentation that can prove very costly through repeat and duplicate prescriptions and laboratory investigations.
  • The current economic landscape for healthy communities is that there is still a large minority population that is poor and cannot afford properly the kind of quality healthcare services that one needs.
  • Legislatively, there is the ACA 2010 that provides for the coverage of pre-existing conditions (Kominski et al., 2017).
  • Existing policies include pay for performance, value over volume, and individual mandate amongst others.
  • Positive impacts on the American Healthcare System include reduced morbidity and mortality from chronic conditions like heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus.
  • Negative impacts on the American Healthcare System include policies such as the individual mandate that appears punitive.
  • The proposed policy of having Healthy Communities means that all healthcare legislation has to be geared towards equity, affordability, ease of access, and the provision of quality care to all Health Issue Presentation: Healthy Communities Essay.
  • Some of the specific operational strategies necessary for addressing the chosen healthcare issue are:

i. Advocating for implementation across all states of the full practice authority or FPA for advanced practice registered nurses or APRNs in restrictive states.

ii. Working towards “Healthcare for All” such as Medicare for All that would be closest to Universal Healthcare (Cai et al., 2020)

iii. Affordability of healthcare services, since the US has the most expensive healthcare sector in the world (Sultz & Kroth, 2018)

iv. Fostering accessibility to healthcare through advocacy and health education

v. Ensuring service quality is maintained (Holmström, 2017; Kominski et al., 2017)

  • The major healthcare organizations such as ACOs and community health centers in the rural areas have a major role to play in the proposed policy of Healthy Communities.
  • Their place in the healthcare market can be harnessed by providing them with incentives such as the monetary incentive in ACA 2010 for coverage of pre-existing conditions.
  • A lot of scholarly evidence is there to support the policy of Healthy Communities through such initiatives such as having universal healthcare (Cai et al., 2020; Upvall & Luzincourt, 2019).

The organizations benefit vulnerable communities especially those in the rural areas.

  • The policy of Healthy Communities will improve the American Healthcare System in terms of quality in that it will rely on the ACA’s provision for only pay for performance.
  • In terms of cost, it will encourage the embracing and implementation of innovative healthcare technologies such as EHR systems and computerized clinical decision support systems or CCDSS. This is because these technologies foster care coordination and discourage care fragmentation.
  • In terms of accessibility the policy will improve healthcare coverage through education and sensitization on the benefits of the ACA 2010.
  • The policy of Healthy Communities is informed by larger socioeconomic factors such as:

1.Health insurance coverage

2.Socioeconomic status (household incomes)

3.Educational achievement, and

4.Living conditions and sanitation

  • All the above are social determinants of health (Powell, 2016).
  • The potential socioeconomic barriers to the implementation of the policy proposed include:

1.Poverty

2.Illiteracy

3.Political ideology: For instance the ideology of the GOP party under President Trump that led them to want to “repeal and replace” the ACA 2010.

4.Capitalism: The way the healthcare system in the US is run like a business of willing buyer and willing seller.

  • The socioeconomic supports for policy change on the other hand include:

1.The presence of the ACA 2010 legislation

2.A better informed public

3.Economic empowerment by bailing out industries that support job creation for the vulnerable

4.Better incentives for APRNs to work in rural areas such as better working conditions and FPA (autonomous practice).

  • The value proposition for the healthcare organizations mentioned earlier is such that they are the custodians of the human resource required to make Healthy Communities a reality.
  • Beneficial outcomes for the organizations if policy is enacted will extend to economies of scale and better revenues as well as professional growth from a wider clinical catchment area.
  • Mobilization of the organizations to support change will require the leveling of the playing field through favorable policies for businesses.
  • The last call for action is that we should revisit the clarion call of the Alma Ata Conference of 1978 of “Health for All by the year 2020”.
  • The above will only be realized if primary health care (PHC) provided majorly by APRNs is given prominence. Actions like provision of FPA will facilitate this.
  • Policy makers should always have at the back of their minds that health inequity is a very big challenge to Healthy Communities.
  • The lesson learnt from the Covid-19 pandemic is that health inequity will affect even those who are not poor since affliction of the poor will eventually spread to the rich since we share the same spaces and breathe the same air Health Issue Presentation: Healthy Communities Essay.

In all, let each one of us be our brothers’ and sisters’ keepers!

References

Baciu, A., Negussie, Y., & Geller, A. (2017). Communities in action: Pathways to health equity: The state of health disparities in the United States. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425844/

Cai, C., Runte, J., Ostrer, I., Berry, K., Ponce, N., Rodriguez, M., Bertozzi, S., White, J.S., & Kahn, J.G. (2020). Projected costs of single-payer healthcare financing in the United States: A systematic review of economic analyses. PLOS Medicine, 17(1), 1-18. https://doi.og/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003013

Holmström, B. (2017). Pay for performance and beyond. American Economic Review, 107(7), 1753–1777. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.107.7.1753

Kominski, G.F., Nonzee, N.J. & Sorensen, A. (2017). The Affordable Care Act’s impacts on access to insurance and health care for low-income populations. Annual Review of Public Health, 38. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044555

McMaughan, D., Oloruntoba, O., & Smith, M. (2020). Socioeconomic status and access to healthcare: Interrelated drivers for healthy aging. Frontiers in Public Health, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00231

Powell, D.L. (2016). Social determinants of health: Cultural competence is not enough. Creative Nursing, 24(1), 5-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1078-4535.22.1.5

Romieu, I., Dossus, L., Barquera, S., Blottière, H.M., Franks, P.W., Gunter, M., … & Willett, W.C. (2017). Energy balance and obesity: What are the main drivers? Cancer Causes & Control, 28(3), 247-258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-017-0869-z

Sultz, H.A., & Kroth, P.J. (2018). Sultz and Young’s health care USA: Understanding its organization and delivery, 9th ed. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Topp, S.M., & Abimbola, S. (2018). Call for papers – the Alma Ata Declaration at 40: reflections on primary healthcare in a new era. BMJ Global Health, 3(2), 1-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000791

Upvall, M.J., & Luzincourt, G. (2019). Global citizens, healthy communities: Integrating the sustainable development goals into the nursing curriculum. Nursing outlook, 67(6), 649-657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2019.04.004

Wyszyńska, J., Ring-Dimitriou, S., Thivel, D., Weghuber, D., Hadjipanayis, A., Grossman, Z., … & Mazur, A. (2020). Physical activity in the prevention of childhood obesity: The position of the European childhood obesity group and the European Academy of Paediatrics. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 662. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.535705

Zajacova, A., & Lawrence, E.M. (2018). The relationship between education and health: Reducing disparities through a contextual approach. Annual Review of Public Health, 39(0), 273–289. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044628

Identify and describe a specific public health issue.

Why are some communities healthier than others?

My public health issue for my final project presentation is Healthy Communities. The way our communities are designed, planned and built has a major significance on our health. Healthy communities contribute to a healthier economy, leading to a healthier population. If the cost of receiving health services for our illness is on the rise, I believe in targeting and educating communities on the foundation of being healthy. Although all communities are different, the healthiest ones share certain elements. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation is working to help make sure that investments in housing, transportation, parks and open space in communities create healthy opportunities for everyone.

  1. Describe the macro-and microeconomic forces related to your public health issue.

Macroeconomic factors contributing to healthy communities are Income, health insurance, and education.

  • Income: Many individuals, especially minorities, experience health disparities regarding their income and how it affects a person’s health. The higher a person’s income, the less likely they are to have health issues.
  • Health Insurance: “Many people face barriers that prevent or limit access to needed health care services, which may increase the risk of poor health outcomes and health disparities” Being able to detect and treat illness and other health conditions increases the quality of life. Most reports suggest that individuals who have health insurance along with high paying jobs are more likely to use health services than those who don’t.
  • Education: Even in highly developed countries like the United States, it has been observed that adults with lower educational attainment suffer from poor health when compared to other populations (Zajacova et al., 2018). Several growing studies show that higher education receives better salaries and is healthier. Being educated is known to have increments in how one behaves and the choices they make. “For example, in 2011 the prevalence of diabetes in the United States was 15 percent for adults who did not complete high school.” (Robert Lee, M.D.) Education leads to better skills and better self-advocacy

These factors all cause a domino effect. Health and economic opportunity show that health happens in communities and is tied to the community environment, such as the quality and availability of housing, education, and well-paying jobs, which keeps a community healthy.

 

Microeconomic factors contributing to healthy communities are open space/parks, housing, and community safety.

  • Open space/parks: Well-maintained and safe parks promote the communities’ physical, health, and social health. Parks allow people living in the neighborhood to engage in various physical activities, including walking, bicycle riding, jogging, and running, promoting adults’ and children’s physical activity rates. Individuals residing in walkable neighborhoods engage in moderate-intensity physical activities weekly for approximately 35–45. According to Romieu et al. (2017), engaging in physical activities burns down excess fats in the body, lowering the risk of overweight and obesity. In addition to preventing overweight and obesity, physical activities reduce cardiovascular risk in children and adults (Wyszyńska et al., 2020). Therefore, the risk of lifestyle diseases, including obesity, overweight, and cardiovascular disorders, is relatively low among people living nearby a park/space, promoting healthy communities Health Issue Presentation: Healthy Communities Essay.
  • Housing: Housing is another key factor that determines communities’ health. Infectious diseases are relatively high among people living in highly populated residential areas such as slums. Additionally, inadequate housing contributes to preventable injuries and illnesses such as respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous system diseases. For instance, asthma is relatively high in houses with molds. Furthermore, poorly designed houses increase the risk of accidents at home.
  • Community safety: This factor affects communities’ health in various ways. First, unsafe areas characterized by terror attacks expose community members to physical injuries. Additionally, living in unsafe neighborhoods exposes individuals to chronic stress, accelerating the aging rate and harming people’s health. Further, psychiatric conditions, including anxiety, depression, and stress associated with an unsafe environment, increase low birth weight babies and pre-term birth rates.

III.           Determine key policies or regulations that currently apply to your public health issue.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention created Health in All Policies (HiAP) as an approach to improve public health by assembling health considerations into policy decisions across zones.

The selected public health issue is health communities. Healthcare policies or regulations that currently focus on improving public health in the United States are mandatory seatbelt laws and smoke-free air laws. The Seat Belts Use of Act holds that the driver and passengers should use and wear seat belts every time they are travelling using private and public vehicles or whenever they are driving a car on the street, road, or highway. This law prevents the public from care accident-related injuries, disabilities, and deaths, promoting healthy communities. On the other hand, smoke-free air laws prohibit smoking in all public places and workplaces, including restaurants and bars, to protect patrons and workers from secondhand smoke. Therefore, this act reduces the rate of respiratory diseases and cardiovascular risks associated with secondhand smoke, promoting healthy communities.

  1. Identify the perceived benefits and consequences of the legislation supporting your public health issue.

The selected legislation supporting public health issues is a smoke-free air law that prohibits smoking in all public places and workplaces, including restaurants and bars (Shafer & Loomis, 2016). This law is associated with several benefits. First, the act reduces the risk of diseases caused by secondhand smoke among workers and patrons. Additionally, this law encourages smokers to quit, reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and deaths related to secondhand smoke. Furthermore, the act reduces the number of individuals who start smoking, reducing the burden of respiratory infections associated with smoking. On the other hand, the smoke-free air law reduces the income of cigarette manufacturing companies, dealers, and retailer traders and the tax generated from these economic activities.

  1. Identify the economic impact resulting from the legislation supporting your public health issue.

The smoke-free air laws aim at protecting nonsmoking hospitality workers and nonsmokers from being exposed to secondhand smoke in public places, including restaurants and bars. However, smoke-free laws do not negatively affect bar and restaurant businesses. According to Shafer and Loomis (2016), the introduction of smoke-free air laws did not significantly affect employment in bars and restaurants based in North Dakota. Instead, the smoke-free laws improve the health of hospitality workers and the general population, reducing expenses incurred in treating health conditions associated with secondhand smoke.

References

Romieu, I., Dossus, L., Barquera, S., Blottière, H. M., Franks, P. W., Gunter, M., … & Willett, W. C. (2017). Energy balance and obesity: what are the main drivers?. Cancer Causes & Control, 28(3), 247-258. Doi: 10.1007/s10552-017-0869-z

Shafer, P. R., & Loomis, B. R. (2016). The economic impact of smoke-free air laws in North Dakota on restaurants and bars. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 18(8), 1798-1801. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw038

Wyszyńska, J., Ring-Dimitriou, S., Thivel, D., Weghuber, D., Hadjipanayis, A., Grossman, Z., … & Mazur, A. (2020). Physical activity in the prevention of childhood obesity: The position of the European childhood obesity group and the European Academy of padiatrics. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 662. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.535705

Zajacova A, Lawrence EM. The relationship between education and health: reducing disparities through a contextual approach. Ann Rev Pub Health. 2018; 39:273–89. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044628

  1. Identify and describe a specific public health issue.

 

Why are some communities healthier than others? My public health issue for my final project presentation is Healthy Communities. I believe that the way our communities are designed, planned and built, has a major significance on our health. Healthy communities contribute to healthier economy and a healthy economy leads to a healthier population. If the cost of receiving health services for our illness is on the rise, I believe in targeting and educating communities on the foundation of being healthy. Although all communities are different, it seems that the healthiest ones share certain elements. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation is working to help make sure that investments in housing, transportation, parks and open space in communities create healthy opportunities for everyone.

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  1. Describe the macro- and microeconomic forces related to your public health issue.

 

Macroeconomic factors that contribute to healthy communities are, Income, health insurance, and education.

  • Income: Many individuals, especially minorities, experience health disparities when it comes to their income and how it affects a person’s health. The higher a person’s income, the less likely they are to have health issues.
  • Health Insurance: “Many people face barriers that prevent or limit access to needed health care services, which may increase the risk of poor health outcomes and health disparities” Being able to detect and treat illness and other health conditions, increases quality of life. Most reports suggest that individuals who have an
  • Education: (1) Even in highly developed countries like the United States, it has been observed that adults with lower educational attainment suffer from poor health when compared to other populations. Several growing studies show that higher education receives better salaries and in result are healthier.

 

These factors all cause a domino effect.  Health and economic opportunity, shows that health happens in communities and is tied to the community environment, such as the quality and availability of housing, education, and well-paying jobs, keeps a community healthy.

Microeconomic factors that contribute to healthy communities are, open space/parks, housing, and community safety.

 

  • Determine key policies or regulations that currently apply to your public health issue.

 

  1. Identify the perceived benefits and consequences resulting from the legislation supporting your public health issue.

 Identify the economic impact resulting from the legislation supporting your public health issue.

 

  1. Provide links or citations for references that you will use to support your ideas regarding your public health issue

 

  1. Zajacova A, Lawrence EM. The relationship between education and health: reducing disparities through a contextual approach. Ann Rev Pub Health. 2018;39:273–89.

Public Health Issue: Healthy Communities

Dear Stakeholders,

Several problems exist within the public healthcare sector affecting healthy communities. They include health disparity, rising healthcare costs, high illiteracy levels, poverty, and discrimination, usually against minority communities. I will explore these challenges and propose a policy to address them to create healthy communities, mainly focusing on low-income communities. Various micro-and macro-economic factors affect healthy communities reducing their quality of living. For instance, unemployment and rising health care expenditures are examples of macroeconomic variables, while stress and debt represent microeconomic factors. Current health policies have not comprehensively addressed poor health, nutrition, education, and access to clean water; they contribute to unhealthy communities. Hospitals and mental health facilities are impacted by the disparity in access to healthcare for individuals from low-income communities. Although the Affordable Care Act provided coverage for preventative care for millions of minority communities, many remain uninsured Health Issue Presentation: Healthy Communities Essay.

I propose a policy incorporating the following elements of healthy communities. Patients’ concerns about privacy and cultural sensitivity have been exacerbated due to efforts to make healthcare more widely available. Providers of health care should offer their patients the supplies they need to be healthy (Upvall & Luzincourt, 2019). They should also offer free clinics staffed by volunteers to provide preventive services after hours, financial literacy seminars, and low-cost programs to help people advance their careers in high-demand industries. Healthcare providers should conduct immunization drives in schools and collaborate with community social workers from these areas. They should provide public education to improve their health literacy levels (Upvall & Luzincourt, 2019). The lack of financial resources for minority groups does not limit their ability to receive high-quality medical treatment. Having volunteers is crucial because every country and socioeconomic class needs people who care about others.

This proposal aims to give health promotion and protection activities a top political priority while increasing government and community involvement in these efforts. With this initiative, the health of those who go to school, work, play, and reside in these places will be improved. To begin a city’s health improvement process, government leaders, local groups, and individuals must agree to improve everyone’s health (Baciu, Negussie & Geller, 2017). Public input influences the management, appraisal, and decision-making. The health and well-being of a community depend on long-term changes in social factors. Many stakeholders, organizations, and individuals (Baciu et al., 2017) can form strategic alliances. Many public and private organizations form strategic alliances with other public and private organizations. People’s physical and mental well-being and their ability to work and contribute to society as a whole are all served by sound public policy.

A society where everyone has equal access to and may benefit from the many social sector services, with no impediments to their recognition and successful execution of their equality-based rights, is at the forefront of their thinking. Protecting communities, families, and individuals from risk factors and creating conditions that make healthy options readily available and affordable are necessary components of enacting sound public policy (Baciu et al., 2017). Over time, outsiders’ efforts tend to fade away or become ineffective. However, communities with strong levels of social interaction and community organization have a better chance of long-term healthy community policies. The community must implement a medium- and long-term strategy. Securing long-term support from local government for this proposal is critical, even if that government changes over time (Baciu et al., 2017). Federal and state policies can impact local health care decisions through legislation and regulations, budget allocation, and political will.

Better and healthy communities for less money thanks to a new approach.

your aim is to influence an audience of healthcare administrators and managers, as well as healthcare policy makers and legislators, to care about your key health topic and support your identified solution.

Analysis of the Health Issue: Describe for your audience the nature of your chosen public health issue, so that they will be able to understand and
appreciate your presentation. Specifically, be sure that you address the following:
A. Outline the underlying economic principles and indicators at play, using specific examples. To what extent do those principles and indicators
apply in understanding your chosen public health issue?
B. Demonstrate the economic impacts of your public health issue. Provide specific examples of each impact.
C. Analyze the larger context within which your chosen public health issue exists. To what extent is the issue a product of larger socioeconomic
factors?
D. Examine the major healthcare organizations impacted by the public health issue. How are they currently acting and reacting to the issue?
II. Evaluation of Policy
A. Discuss the current economic and legal landscape related to your public health issue. To what extent do existing policies (or the lack thereof)
have positive or negative impacts to the American healthcare system?
B. Explain your proposed policy using evidence and examples to illustrate.
1. What are the specific operational strategies that you believe are necessary for addressing your chosen issue and why?
2. What role do the major healthcare organizations play in your proposed policy? To what extent can their position in the marketplace be
harnessed?
C. Defend your proposed policy for addressing the public health issue with specific research and evidence.
1. How will your proposed public policy improve the American healthcare system in terms of healthcare quality, costs, and accessibility?
2. In what ways is your proposed policy informed by the larger socioeconomic factors that can influence public health?
III. Implementation
A. Identify potential socioeconomic barriers to policy change and describe each with specific details.
B. Identify possible socioeconomic supports for policy change and describe each with specific details.
C. Illustrate the value proposition for the major healthcare organizations you referenced earlier. To what extent will there be beneficial outcomes
for their organizations if your policy is enacted? How would you mobilize them to support change?
D. End your presentation with a final, persuasive call to action tailored to your target audiences.

References

Baciu, A., Negussie, Y., & Geller, A. (2017). Communities in action: Pathways to health equity: The state of health disparities in the United States.

Upvall, M. J., & Luzincourt, G. (2019). Global citizens, healthy communities: Integrating the sustainable development goals into the nursing curriculum. Nursing outlook, 67(6), 649-657.

Introduction

A healthy community is described as one where all local groups in a community collaborate and work together towards disease prevention and have accessible healthcare options. All residents have access to quality education, adequate housing, quality care, employment, and healthy diets in a healthy community (Yip, Alvin T, 2020). However, the lack of healthy communities continues to be a health issue globally. The most affected are the low-income community because of their social-economic status. The change that should be implemented to promote a healthy community is implementing a framework that fosters community changes by considering the community’s health concerns, resources, and social and political aspects.

Potential Socioeconomic Barriers to Change

The two potential socioeconomic barriers to change are poverty and unemployment. Poverty is a socioeconomic factor that is associated with adverse health outcomes. Individuals with low-income status are likely to face an increased risk of mental diseases, chronic diseases, and lower life expectancy (McMaughan et al., 2020). Additionally, they access poor healthcare as they cannot afford to pay for healthcare insurance and also access healthy diets. This has a significant impact on achieving a healthy community. Unemployment is also a major barrier to achieving a healthy community as such communities have limited access to housing, education, healthcare and infrastructure. Additionally, unemployed individuals are at a high risk of engaging in crime and violence, fostering harsh and unhealthy communities.

The rural location is also a noticeable barrier to achieving a healthy community. Individuals living in rural areas are more likely to face poverty, unemployment, and inadequate access to care and education than those living in urban centers. Consequently, they are more likely to engage in unhealthy risk practices and crimes and access to inadequate healthcare, infrastructure and unhealthy diets (Seguin et al., 2014). Therefore, interventions that promote healthy communities must be implemented from the state, federal and local levels.

The readers can advocate for implementing programs that help address the barriers. Additionally, creating awareness of major barriers to a healthy community and strategies to address them can impact fostering a healthy community.

References

Yip, Alvin T., “Examining Healthy Community Design Characteristics and Its Influence on Physical Health”(2020). Theses and Dissertations. 3271.

McMaughan, D., Oloruntoba, O., & Smith, M. (2020). Socioeconomic Status and Access to Healthcare: Interrelated Drivers for Healthy Aging. Frontiers In Public Health, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00231

Seguin, R., Connor, L., Nelson, M., LaCroix, A., & Eldridge, G. (2014). Understanding Barriers and Facilitators to Healthy Eating and Active Living in Rural Communities. Journal Of Nutrition And Metabolism, 2014, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/146502Health Issue Presentation: Healthy Communities Essay