Inflammatory Bowel Disease Essay Discussion

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Essay Discussion

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are types of inflammatory bowel disease (McDowell et al., 2022). Ulcerative colitis affects the large bowel, while Crohn’s disease affects any part of the gastrointestinal tract (McDowell et al., 2022). Patients diagnosed with ulcerative colitis usually present with frequent stools, lower abdominal pain, tenesmus, severe dehydration, rectal bleeding, mucous discharge from the rectum, abdominal distention, fever, severe diarrhea, and leukocytosis (Lynch & Hsu, 2022). Mild ulcerative colitis is signified by rectal bleeding and less than four bowel motions per day; moderate involves rectal bleeding ad more than four bowel motions per day, while moderate is marked by rectal bleeding, hypoalbuminemia and more than four bowel motions per day. Diagnosis is made using endoscopy to define the extent of the disease and biopsy. Treatment depends on severity, extent, and disease stage. Mild ulcerative colitis is treated using mesalazine suppository, systemic steroids in cases of unresponsive to aminosalicylates, oral budesonide, and long-term maintenance with mesalazine once daily. Acute and severe ulcerative colitis intravenous high dose corticosteroids and hospitalization. Elective surgery is recommended for the long-term use of steroids, more than ten years of ulcerative colitis, dysplasia, or adenocarcinoma Inflammatory Bowel Disease Essay Discussion .

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Crohn’s disease is signified by abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, rectal bleeding, bone loss, nausea, vomiting, mental health issues such as depression, weight loss, and fatigue (Ranasinghe & Hsu, 2022). Evaluation of Crohn’s disease includes examining the gastrointestinal system, vital signs, genitourinary system, dermatologic, ophthalmology, hematologic, and musculoskeletal system. Laboratory tests are complete blood count, stool tests, and liver function tests. Pharmacological interventions include 5-aminosalicylic acid derivatives such as mesalamine, corticosteroids, antidiarrhoeals such as loperamide, anticholinergics such as hyoscyamine, bile acid sequestrants such as cholestyramine, antibiotics and monoclonal antibodies such as infliximab. Crohn’s disease has no surgical cure. Surgical interventions include bypass, colostomy, proctectomy, and ileocolostomy.

 References

Lynch WD, Hsu R. Ulcerative Colitis. [Updated 2021 Jun 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459282/

McDowell C, Farooq U, Haseeb M. Inflammatory Bowel Disease. [Updated 2022 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470312/

Ranasinghe IR, Hsu R. Crohn Disease. [Updated 2022 May 15]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436021/

 Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a progressive metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mass and bone tissue deterioration leading to bone fragility (Porter & Varacallo, 2022). Most patients diagnosed with osteoporosis usually report to a healthcare facility after a fracture. Patients with vertebral fractures present with sharp nagging pain after a fall or trauma. The pain is localized to a specific vertebral level and exacerbated by activity. Patients diagnosed with a hip fracture experience pain in the medial thigh, groin, anterior thigh, and media knee, limited range of motion, and decreased hip rotation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Essay Discussion .

Risk factors for osteoporosis include advanced age above fifty years, female sex, white or Asian ethnicity, early menopause, alcohol intake, tobacco use, calcium deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, androgen or estrogen deficiency, decreased physical activity, family history of osteoporosis, body weight less than 57.6kg, amenorrhoea, drugs such as steroids, insulin and anticonvulsants and postmenopause  (Porter & Varacallo, 2022). Evaluation of osteoporosis includes laboratory tests, patient history, and imaging. Bone mineral density is measured to estimate the risk of fracture. Imaging recommended includes morphometry to assess the presence of structures, radiography, quantitative computed tomography scanning, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. A complete blood count is used to assess anemia. Liver function tests are recommended since increased levels of alanine aminotransferase indicate osteoporosis. Vitamin D deficiency predisposes an individual to osteoporosis. In primary osteoporosis, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, and calcium might be within the normal range.

Pharmacologic therapy includes bisphosphonates, hormone replacement therapy, calcitonin, monoclonal antibodies, parathyroid hormone analogs, and selective estrogen receptor modulators. Alendronate, zoledronic acid, risedronate, or denosumab are prescribed in women diagnosed with osteoporosis for up to five years (Keen & Reddivari,2022). Estrogen, raloxifene, and estrogen plus progestogen therapy are contraindicated in post-menopausal women. Men diagnosed with osteoporosis are prescribed bisphosphonates such as zoledronic acid and monitored using bone mineral density (Bello et al., 2022).   Patients are advised to participate in weight-bearing and muscle-strengthening exercises and increase their diet’s calcium and vitamin D intake.

(This is a discussion board, please write one page each).
Prompt #1
Select one of the following discussion prompts to address:
• Describe the pathophysiology of celiac disease, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment. What are the differences between non-celiac gluten sensitivity and celiac disease?
• What trends, if any, have you noticed among the following conditions? Describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, and gastritis.
• Describe the chronic relapsing inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease), and summarize the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment recommendations for each Inflammatory Bowel Disease Essay Discussion .

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Prompt # 2
Select one of the following discussion prompts to address:
Review this Mayo Clinic overview (Links to an external site.). https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibromyalgia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354780
• Define fibromyalgia and describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment. Comment on advances in diagnosis and management of this disorder that debunk the idea that the disorder is “in the patient’s head.”
• Define osteoporosis and describe the risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, prevention, and treatment.
• Describe osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and discuss the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment for each.
Use at least one scholarly source other than your textbook to connect your response to national guidelines and evidence-based research in support of your ideas.
Textbook:
Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
• Author: Kathryn L. McCance and Sue E. Huether
• Publisher: Elsevier
• Edition: 7th (2014)
The Digestive System and the Musculoskeletal System chapters 40-45

References

Bello MO, Sombra LRS, Anastasopoulou C, et al. Osteoporosis In Males. [Updated 2021 Jul 19]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538531/

Keen MU, Reddivari AKR. Osteoporosis In Females. [Updated 2022 Jan 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559156/

Porter JL, Varacallo M. Osteoporosis. [Updated 2022 Feb 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441901/ Inflammatory Bowel Disease Essay Discussion